However, a few studies have investigated the associations between PTSD symptom clusters based on the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and changes in suicide risk longitudinally. Objective: The association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidal ideation (SI) is well-known. 11National Center for Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.10Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.9Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.8Department of Psychiatry, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan.7Biological Optimal Imaging Lab, Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.6Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.5Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.4Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, China Medical University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.3Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 2Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.1Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.Specify if: Chronic: if duration of symptoms is 3 months or more.Che-Sheng Chu 1,2,3 † Po-Han Chou 4,5,6,7 * † Shao-Cheng Wang 8,9,10 * Masaru Horikoshi 11 Masaya Ito 11 Specify if: Acute: if duration of symptoms is less than 3 months. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., medication, alcohol) or another medical condition. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Duration of the disturbance (Criteria B, C, D, and E) is more than 1 month.į. Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in criteria B, C and D) is more than 1 month.į. Irritable behavior and angry outbursts (with little or no provocation) typically expressed as verbal or physical aggression toward people or objects. Sleep disturbance (e.g., difficulty falling or staying asleep or restless sleep). Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidence by two (or more) of the following: 6. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (not present before the trauma), as indicated by two or more of the following:Į. Persistent, distorted cognitions about the cause or consequences of the traumatic event(s) that lead the individual to blame himself/herself or others.ĭ. Persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or the world (e.g., “I am bad ” “No one can be trusted ” “The world is completely dangerous ” “My whole nervous system is permanently ruined”). Persistent negative emotion state (e.g., fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame). Persistent inability to experience positive emotions (e.g., inability to experience happiness, satisfaction, or loving feelings). 6.įeelings of detachment or estrangement from others. Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities. Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event(s) (typically due to dissociative amnesia and not to other factors such as head injury, alcohol, or drugs). Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by two or more of the following: 1. Avoidance of or efforts to avoid external reminders (people, places, conversations, activities, objects, situations) that arouse distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s).ĭ.
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